Cocaine:Cocaine HCl is readily available throughout Kentucky, with the greatest availability in the densely populated areas where quantities remain stable. Major traffickers are African American, Hispanic, and Colombian. Cocaine destined for the state of Kentucky originates from source areas such as the southwest border of the U.S. and Southern Florida. The price and purity of cocaine has remained relatively stable in Kentucky for the past several years. Gram quantities continue to sell between $100-150, ounce quantities $900-1,200, and kilograms $20,000-28,000. The cocaine in urban areas is consistently purchased and seized in the 40 to 90 percent purity range.

Heroin: Heroin is extremely rare in the state of Kentucky. When encountered, heroin is usually found in user amounts and sources are in either Cincinnati or Detroit.

Methamphetamine: Methamphetamine continues to be available in Kentucky, especially in the rural areas of the state. Kentucky methamphetamine production is a simple process taught among violators and dominated by Caucasians in the lower social and economic class, including former marijuana cultivators, who are beginning to realize the greater profit margin and diminished threat from law enforcement posed by methamphetamine production versus marijuana cultivation. The number of methamphetamine-related drug treatment admissions in Kentucky increased by 42 percent from 1998 through 2000, more than for any other drug. Mexican violators are increasingly replacing local manufacturers as the primary suppliers of methamphetamine in rural Kentucky. As they had done in Tennessee, Mexican organizations first infiltrate the market by offering high-quality methamphetamine at low prices, amassing a large customer base that comes to prefer the superior product they offer over locally produced "hillbilly meth." Once the customer base is firmly established, they raise prices. This process is currently underway in rural Kentucky.

Diverted Pharmaceutical Drugs:The illicit use of prescription drugs throughout Kentucky is perhaps the most underestimated of its drug problems. During CY2002, 8,719 dosage units of diverted pharmaceutical drugs were seized by HIDTA-participating agencies in Kentucky. Nevertheless, this seizure rate does not indicate fully the seriousness of the impact of the illicit use and trafficking of prescription drugs in the area. Counties in eastern Kentucky lead the nation in terms of grams of narcotic pain medications distributed on a per capita basis. Aside from marijuana cultivation and trafficking, the trafficking and illicit usage of prescription drugs in the area may be the most significant current drug threat within the Appalachia HIDTA.

Investigative agencies in Kentucky target physicians who prescribe medication to abusers who "doctor shop." These physicians often overcharge the Medicare and Medicaid programs as well as private insurance agencies. The "patients" sell the controlled substances on the street for enormous profits, and abuse the substances themselves.

The abuse and trafficking of diverted pharmaceutical drugs profoundly affect nearly all facets of life for residents of Eastern Kentucky, including local politics. The large demand for these substances, combined with the vast profit potential offered by illicit drug distribution, has lead to significant political corruption and voting fraud at the county and city levels. "What it takes to get the attention of some voters now is no longer a case of beer or $10 or $15. Now it's a handful of OxyContin," says Lori Daniel, an Assistant Commonwealth's Attorney.

The chart at right suggests the extent to which hydrocodone, one of the most often-diverted pharmaceutical drugs, is abused in the three Appalachia HIDTA states. (Kentucky has the second highest hydrocodone distribution rate in the nation.)

In Kentucky, between January 2000 and May 2001, the Kentucky State Medical Examiner's (ME's) Office identified the presence of oxycodone in the bodies of 69 individuals who died. Toxic oxycodone levels were reported in 36 of the 69 deaths.

According to the U.S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 1.4 percent of admissions to U.S. drug treatment facilities in 1999 resulted from the abuse of "other opiates," i.e., narcotic drugs other than heroin. During that same year, 1.8 percent of drug treatment admissions statewide in Kentucky resulted from the abuse of these substances. A regional newspaper, The Lexington Herald-Leader, surveyed five eastern Kentucky substance abuse treatment centers, which reported a 288 percent increase in the number of narcotics abusers seeking treatment from 1998 through 2001. These figures suggest the extent to which diverted pharmaceutical drugs are abused within the three Appalachia HIDTA states-substantially greater than the national average.

Diverted pharmaceutical drugs are also becoming the primary cause of DUI arrests in some Eastern Kentucky counties. In CY2000, three eastern Kentucky counties, Clay, Laurel, and Martin, reported more DUI charges resulting from drugs than alcohol.

Oxycontin:OxyContin has emerged as the most serious pharmaceutical drug threat in Eastern Kentucky. A 12-hour time-released variant of the generic opioid oxycodone, OxyContin is available in strengths ranging from 10 to 80 milligrams, each tablet of which is sold illicitly at a street value of approximately $2.50 per milligram (over ten times the drug's legitimate purchase price). OxyContin is a Schedule II narcotic normally prescribed as an analgesic for cancer and severe arthritis patients. Extremely addictive, it causes confusion, euphoria, light-headedness and sedation. The tablets are often crushed or melted, then snorted or injected, bypassing the time-release mechanism so that the entire dosage enters the bloodstream simultaneously, often with deadly results. OxyContin addiction is the root cause of a range of criminal activity in the Eastern Kentucky such as robbery, theft, assault, and various types of prescription fraud. In recent years, Kentucky and West Virginia have seen an alarming increase in pharmacy robberies and thefts (see table above). In many cases the perpetrators ignored the cash, interested only in obtaining OxyContin tablets. The availability of OxyContin appears to be diminishing in Kentucky, as evidenced by the recent rise in the street price from $1.00 to approximately $2.00 per milligram. Investigators in Eastern Kentucky note an increasing incidence of OxyContin being imported into the state from Mexico, where local traffickers obtain (legal) prescriptions from Mexican doctors, then carry the maximum allowable quantity across the border for distribution in the Appalachia HIDTA. Anecdotal information from across the nation, and especially from the states surrounding Kentucky such as Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, and Pennsylvania, suggests that OxyContin abusers may switch to heroin and/or methadone in response to a diminished availability of OxyContin in a given region. This trend is beginning to manifest itself in Kentucky, with regional doctors increasingly prescribing methadone in lieu of OxyContin for pain management.

Club Drugs: LSD, MDMA, and GHB are all available in the Lexington area. The availability of MDMA seems to be increasing, while the availability of LSD and GHB have remained static or decreased slightly. The source area for MDMA in the Lexington area has been identified as Florida. The source area for LSD is California, and GHB is manufactured locally. The Lexington RO has a Priority Target Investigation involving two groups who distribute thousands of dosage units of MDMA per month in the Lexington area. The Lexington RO has made several undercover purchases from members of these organizations and has arrested four individuals thus far. Sales have been taking place at rave parties, nightclubs, bars, and hangouts for high school aged individuals.

Marijuana:Kentucky routinely ranks third or fourth in terms of total marijuana production, after California, Hawaii, and sometimes Tennessee. The Daniel Boone National Forest, which covers more than 690,000 acres of Eastern Kentucky, is a favored site for cultivators. The forestlands are remote, sparsely populated, very accessible, and fall within what is known as the "marijuana belt," so-named due to ideal soil and climate conditions for cannabis cultivation. Along with growing conditions, the National Forest, in its timber practices, has opened a canopy for new marijuana growth in numerous areas where the sunlight penetrates the forest floor. As a result, marijuana plots in the National Forests are found in various locations from bottomlands, on hillsides, to the tops of mountains, with the regeneration areas being an especially popular spot for growers. Marijuana growers also perceive the vast rural areas of the National Forests as too spacious for law enforcement officials to detect all activities. Aside from ideal locations for marijuana plots, growers often plant their crops on public lands, such as National Forests, in an effort to draw greater protection from personal and/or financial loss due to asset forfeiture procedures, should they be apprehended. Overall, 102,288 marijuana plants were eradicated the Daniel Boone National Forest in CY2002. The Daniel Boone is abused by the collateral effects of marijuana cultivation, including property damage to natural resources, archeological sites, and wildlife, including endangered species. Marijuana producers have destroyed numerous trees, plants and fauna, as well as gates and fences, to clear cultivation sites and drive vehicles to/from the marijuana plots. Additionally, during the cultivation of marijuana, growers frequently use a variety of poisonous chemical fertilizers upon forestlands. In CY2002, 136 acres of the Daniel Boone National Forest were classified as "impacted environmentally because of drug activity" by the U.S. Forest Service. As noted above, most of the marijuana produced in Kentucky is destined for markets in other states. This trend becomes evident when one contrasts marijuana production rates in Kentucky with consumption rates in the state. Far more marijuana is cultivated in Kentucky than the local market consumes. Additionally, anecdotal information from cities such as Detroit, Philadelphia, Washington D.C., New York City, etc., suggests that Kentucky marijuana is prized in those markets.

Other Drugs: Oxy-Contin: The abuse of diverted pharmaceuticals is a grave drug problem in the state of Kentucky. Lorcet, Lortab, Percocet, Percodan, Xanax, and more recently OxyContin (OC) are readily available. The primary source for most of these pharmaceuticals are “doctor shoppers,” although sources for OCs include Mexico and armed robberies of pharmacies. However, a growing trend is for individuals to travel out or state or to use the Internet to obtain these pharmaceuticals. The abuse of OCs has also led to an increase in Medicare/Medicaid fraud. Unscrupulous doctors charge these programs for office visits and treatment that is not performed and the patients sell all or part of the prescription paid for by these programs in order to supplement their own incomes. In much of eastern Kentucky, people feel no stigma when abusing pharmaceuticals. Whole families have grown up abusing these drugs and these individuals see nothing wrong with using them.